A guide to the Three Cities in Malta: Vittoriosa, Senglea and Cospicua
Posted inHistory and Culture Three Cities

A guide to the Three Cities in Malta: Vittoriosa, Senglea and Cospicua

Table of Contents

History of the Three cities

Ah, the Three Cities – Vittoriosa (Birgu), Senglea (Isla), and Cospicua (Bormla)! Where you can walk across 10 centuries in 10 minutes. These places aren’t just historic; they’re like stepping into a time capsule that’s been through it all—ancient battles, knightly secrets, and some serious resilience. Their stories go way back to the days of the Phoenicians and Romans. But things got seriously interesting when the Knights of St. John arrived in 1530. This warrior-monastic order made Birgu their capital and transformed it into an impressive fortress.

Then came the Great Siege of 1565. The Knights and the Maltese teamed up against a massive Ottoman invasion, outnumbered but refusing to give in. Birgu held strong, earning the nickname “Città Vittoriosa” (Victorious City) for its heroic stand. Senglea wasn’t left out, claiming its own title, “Città Invicta” (Unconquered City), marking its resilience during the siege. These names aren’t just ceremonial—they’re badges of honor, reminders of a time when these cities were Malta’s ultimate defenders.

Valletta eventually became the capital, shifting the focus elsewhere, but the Three Cities remained a hub for shipbuilding and trade. Their harbors buzzed with activity, keeping Malta connected to the world.

During WWII, the Three Cities faced intense bombings, situated right next to Grand Harbour. Walking through the narrow streets today, that resilient spirit still lingers. The architecture stands as a proud symbol of Malta’s endurance, with buildings that have withstood centuries of upheaval and transformation.

For anyone with an eye for history or culture, the Three Cities are a treasure trove. Wander around, and you’ll come across charming old churches, incredible views, and quiet corners that feel timeless. It’s a love letter to Malta’s past, written in stone and sea views, just waiting to be discovered.

So, if you’re coming to Malta, don’t miss this historic trio. They’re a living reminder of the island’s incredible journey and have stories that go deep, ready to unfold for anyone curious enough to explore.

See the full history of the three cities.

Icons of the three cities

Vittoriosa (Birgu)

  • Fort St. Angelo: Positioned at the tip of Birgu, Fort St. Angelo is a powerful symbol of Malta’s military legacy. During the Great Siege of 1565, this fort was a critical stronghold against Ottoman forces, becoming legendary for its role in protecting Malta and the Knights of St. John. In WWII, Fort St. Angelo again served as a strategic defense point, although it suffered bombardment from Axis air raids. Today, its walls still bear scars from this period, symbolizing Malta’s resilience through centuries.
  • Malta Maritime Museum: Once a Royal Naval Bakery, this museum offers a deep dive into Malta’s naval history, from the Knights’ naval fleet to WWII’s Malta Convoys, which were vital in keeping the island supplied during the Axis siege. Exhibits highlight the rich history of piracy in the Mediterranean, when Birgu’s strategic position made it a pirate and privateer hub in the late Middle Ages.

    Some Maritime history of the three cities:
  • Inquisitor’s Palace: Built by the Knights in the 16th century, this is one of the few surviving Inquisition palaces in Europe. The palace highlights the Inquisition’s role during Malta’s time under the Knights and offers insights into how the religious and political landscape shifted, especially during the French invasion in 1798, when Malta fell to Napoleon.
  • St. Lawrence’s Church: Near the harbor, this 17th-century baroque church is dedicated to St. Lawrence, patron saint of Vittoriosa. It also became a center of local morale during WWII, with many gathering here in prayer as Axis forces attempted to besiege the island.
  • Victory Square: This lively gathering spot was a focal point of celebration following the end of the Great Siege and later became a place of resilience during WWII. Victory Square’s cafes and statues reflect Birgu’s layered history, from the Knights to British rule.
  • Yacht Marina: Known for its modern superyachts, the marina has a long history of supporting seafaring vessels, from Knights’ galleys to British naval ships and convoy supply boats during WWII. Today, the marina represents both luxury and Malta’s enduring maritime importance.
  • The Birgu Ditch Gardens are a charming little spot nestled within the fortifications of Birgu, just a short stroll from the museum. This peaceful garden features a walkway lined with olive trees and other greenery, offering a refreshing escape. Benches are scattered in the shade, providing a perfect spot to sit, relax, and take in the impressive fortifications surrounding you. On a warm summer day, it’s an ideal place to cool off and enjoy a quiet moment in historic Birgu.
  • Birgu Waterfront promenade
  • Malta at War Museum (Birgu) – where you’ll find intriguing WWII artifacts. The underground air raid shelters provide a powerful glimpse into the wartime experiences of locals.
  • Some more wartime history and comparisons of the three cities:
  • Yacht Marina: Known for its modern superyachts, the marina has a long history of supporting seafaring vessels, from Knights’ galleys to British naval ships and WWII convoy supply boats. Today, it represents both luxury and Malta’s enduring maritime importance. Among the sleek superyachts and medium-sized yachts, you can also spot traditional Maltese boats—a nod to Birgu’s seafaring roots.
  • Maltese Balconies: As you wander through Birgu, you’ll notice the iconic Maltese balconies jutting from buildings, painted in bright colors and showcasing intricate woodwork. These balconies have become a beloved feature of Maltese architecture, adding character to Birgu’s streets and a touch of elegance to its skyline.
  • Fortified Bastions: Everywhere you look in Birgu, the towering fortified bastions remind you of Malta’s history of defense. Built to withstand attacks from powerful foes, these bastions are testaments to the island’s strategic importance and architectural ingenuity. Each stone tells a story of battles fought and lives protected.
  • Medieval Narrow Winding Streets: The narrow, winding streets of Birgu are a sharp contrast to the wide avenues of cosmopolitan cities. Wandering through these streets feels like stepping back in time, with each turn revealing new views of medieval architecture and intimate glimpses of Maltese life.

Senglea (Isla)

  • Gardjola Gardens: This historic garden is known for its watchtower, with symbols of vigilance, including an eye and an ear. The Knights relied on this vantage point to monitor threats from the sea, including pirate invasions. During WWII, the gardens provided a lookout over Grand Harbour as Malta became a contested zone due to its strategic position.
  • Senglea Basilica (Basilica of Our Lady of Victories): Built to honor the Virgin Mary, this basilica celebrates the Knights’ victory in the Great Siege and later became a symbol of hope during WWII. The basilica survived bombardments, symbolizing Malta’s resilience and faith through both sieges.
  • Quiet Streets and Cafés: Senglea’s quieter streets reflect a deep-rooted heritage, offering a glimpse into everyday life untouched by time, from the era of the Knights to WWII. Enjoy hidden wine bars and cafes where locals recall tales of the French invasion and Malta’s resilience during the many conflicts that passed through these streets.
  • Senglea Water front promenade

Cospicua (Bormla)

  • Historic Maltese Balconies: The city’s streets are known for their traditional wooden balconies. These balconies bore witness to Malta’s layered history, from the era of the Knights through the hardships of WWII.
  • Immaculate Conception Church: Located in a green area, this church, built during the Knights’ rule, became a beacon of hope during WWII’s dark days. It’s also near where British forces prepared convoys to counteract the Axis siege.
  • Bir Mula Heritage Museum: This private museum is set in a 17th-century palazzo that traces back to Malta’s medieval era, showcasing artifacts from the Arab period to the French invasion and British rule. The museum’s collection sheds light on the pirate battles and the city’s role in defense and trade through the centuries.
  • Cottonera Lines: These extensive fortifications were built by the Knights to safeguard Malta from Ottoman and pirate attacks and served as a defense line in WWII. The walls stand as a testament to Malta’s adaptability, housing anti-aircraft positions during the war.
  • Harbourside Promenade: This scenic walkway connects Senglea and Cospicua, offering views of the harbor that once held Knights’ galleys, British supply convoys, and ships countering pirate threats. The promenade is a place to reflect on Malta’s diverse maritime history.

Maps of the three cities

Location of The three cities in Malta
Credit: Open Street Maps
The three cities with the fortifications lines underscored.
The red line is the fortification around Cospicua / Bormla (not the border of Bormla)
The Orange is Vittoriosa / Birgu
The Blue is Senglea / Isla
Credit: Open Street Maps

Unique Experiences in the three cities

These are some yearly events for the three cities, please do check the dates. The local councils of the three cities are quite active and post updates on their FB pages.

  1. Local Feasts
    Religious feasts in Malta are a big deal, and the Three Cities know how to celebrate with style. Each town honors its patron saint with parades, fireworks, and festivities. If you’re lucky enough to be here during a feast, you’ll catch an unforgettable glimpse of local passion and energy.
    • Birgu: St. Laurence Feast on August 10th, honoring the city’s patron saint with parades, music, and decorations.
    • Birgu: St. Dominic Feast on August 30th, another chance to see the town’s rich traditions in full swing.
    • Senglea: Nativity of Our Lady on September 8th, a grand event in Senglea celebrated with pride.
    • Cospicua: Immaculate Conception on December 8th, marked by solemn processions and festivities.
  2. Flea Markets
  3. Birgu by Candlelight (BirguFest)
    In October, Birgu turns into a wonderland lit only by candles. Streets, alleyways, and buildings glow under thousands of lights, creating a magical atmosphere. This event features Maltese food stalls, live music, and exhibitions—a favorite among both locals and visitors.
  4. Good Friday Processions
    During Holy Week, the Three Cities hold some of Malta’s most powerful Good Friday processions. Statues depicting the Passion of Christ are carried through the streets by locals in traditional costumes, making this a truly immersive experience.
  5. Regatta on the Grand Harbour
    Every March 31st and September 8th, teams from around Malta compete in rowing races across the Grand Harbour. The Three Cities’ teams are especially fierce competitors, and the energy here on race day is unbeatable.
  6. Senglea Maritime Festival
    A nod to Senglea’s maritime roots, this festival showcases traditional Maltese boats and family-friendly activities along the waterfront. Held in summer, it’s perfect for a casual day by the sea, with music and food vendors adding to the festive vibe.
  7. Malta International Fireworks Festival
    Held in late April or early May, this festival is a visual spectacle over the Grand Harbour, visible from Birgu and Senglea. Local and international teams put on choreographed fireworks displays that light up the night sky in a way you won’t forget.
  8. Victory Day Celebrations
    On September 8th, the Three Cities, particularly Senglea, mark Victory Day. This day is filled with parades, fireworks, and regattas, commemorating the Great Siege of 1565 and other victories.
  9. Birgu Wine Festival
    Usually in summer, this event invites you to sample Maltese wines and local foods while taking in beautiful waterfront views. With its relaxed atmosphere, it’s a great way to spend an evening in Birgu.
  10. Christmas Festivities in Cospicua
    In December, Cospicua is decked out in festive lights and hosts Christmas markets and events. With nativity scenes and community celebrations, it’s a heartwarming time to experience the city’s holiday spirit.

Getting to the Three cities

  1. Bus
  2. Taxi or Ride Share (Uber)
    • You can go with an expensive white Taxi
    • or Uber , Bolt or eCabs (local ride share)
  3. Ferry
    • If you’re a tourist seeking a scenic route, taking the ferry from Valletta is ideal. You can check the schedule here:(https://vallettaferryservices.com/ but at the time of writing there were some issues with the site) A ticket costs around three euros and takes you across the Grand Harbour. While it can be a bit noisy near the engine, the front offers a quieter ride. There’s both an upper and a lower deck; the lower deck is perfect for those rare rainy days or if you need a break from the sun.
  4. Water Taxi
  5. Own Car
    • Use Waze or Google to find your way.
    • In Malta we drive on the left. It happens rarely, but it happens people have accidentally driven off into the sea be careful.
  6. On Foot
    • Possible, depends where is your starting point. If you plan to do this, avoid the sunny hours and check the weather. (If you are interested in Hiking you can also see Malta’s Big Five and the Kalkara Heritage trail, which is very close)
  7. Bicycle
    • It is great but you will need to lock it at some point as some streets inside the city will not be accessible by bike
  8. Tours
    • Tours galore, there are many of them. This page is dedicated to those who are looking for a self guided experience.
  9. Harbour cruises which include : The Three Cities
    • If you’d like to experience the Three Cities from the sea, a harbour cruise is an effortless way to take it all in. Not only does it offer a unique view of these historic cities from the water, but it’s also a fantastic option if you have mobility limitations or are short on time. This leisurely cruise gives you a fresh perspective on the Three Cities without needing to move around too much. Why not do both the land and sea tours if you truly want to understand this place?

Parking in the Three Cities

Parking can be an issue, in weekends and on public holidays and during market days.

Easiest Parking : Trq il-Mandragg is somewhat on the edge of the Three Cities, but it’s a great starting point, especially for morning visits.

Cospicua (Bormla): The easiest parking here is along the main road which is in parallel to the Bormla water front. Venturing into the Bormla for parking is not advisable it is a maze. You can also try your luck here. In the end getting lost is part of the fun. (Getting lost in Malta is very difficult!)

Vittoriosa (Birgu): There is a large parking area at the edge of Birgu next to St Angelo.

Senglea (Isla): Not many parking here. Maybe you can try at the Senglea Marina or at the far end of Senglea

The Three Cities are brimming with local events that showcase the best of Maltese culture, history, and traditions. Here are some highlights:

Where to eat

Cafe Riche in Vittoriosa first opened in 1933, inspired by ideas brought back from Morocco and adapted with a local Maltese flair. For nearly a century, it has stayed within the founding family, passing through four generations. Today, it preserves its rustic charm with stone-clad walls and a cozy courtyard, while also introducing modern touches that attract a new crowd. This beloved café has become a cherished fixture in the community, blending history and a welcoming atmosphere in every visit.

Other Restaurants of which there are plenty. Click on the link to get the latest.

Where to Stay in the Three Cities

While the Three Cities—Vittoriosa, Senglea, and Cospicua—are steeped in history and charm, there are plenty of options to stay there. Some things to consider.

  1. Limited Transport Options
    While buses and ferries connect the Three Cities to Valletta, getting to other parts of Malta can require transfers, making day trips or spontaneous outings more time-consuming. For those who want seamless access across Malta, other areas might offer more convenience.
  2. Quiet Atmosphere
    The Three Cities are ideal for peaceful, reflective stays but don’t have much in the way of nightlife or bustling activity. This makes them a great fit for travelers seeking relaxation but less ideal for those looking for lively social scenes, dining options, or entertainment.
  3. Few Swimming Spots
    The Three Cities lack easily accessible beaches, so if you’re hoping to swim or sunbathe, you’ll likely need to travel elsewhere. For travelers focused on Malta’s renowned beaches and waters, staying closer to a more beach area might be more convenient.
  4. Other areas to consider for your stay
    The Three Cities provide a serene experience rich in history, which may feel slower compared to other parts of Malta. If you prefer a blend of cultural immersion with easy access to shopping, dining, and entertainment, areas like Sliema, Gzira, or Valletta might provide a better balance.

Suggested one day self-guided tour of the three cities.

See if you can catch one of the special events listed above. Just keep in mind that these events are usually quite popular, so the experience might be a bit different from a quiet afternoon visit.

Morning
  1. Fort St. Angelo (Birgu) – Start your day with a visit to Fort St. Angelo. Early mornings are quieter, offering you stunning views of the Grand Harbour and plenty of time to explore the fortress, learning about Malta’s military past and the Knights’ legacy.
  2. Stroll Along Birgu Waterfront – After the fort, take a scenic walk along the Birgu waterfront. The morning light casts a warm glow on the historic buildings, making it an ideal time for photos and a peaceful atmosphere to enjoy the surroundings.
  3. Visit the Inquisitor’s Palace (Birgu) – While still in Birgu, head to the Inquisitor’s Palace to explore Malta’s religious history and delve into the period of the Inquisition. The restored rooms and artifacts offer a unique insight into this era.
Afternoon
  1. Take a Dgħajsa Boat Ride – Midday is perfect for a relaxing Dgħajsa (traditional Maltese boat) ride. The boat ride gives you an up-close view of the Grand Harbour and surrounding fortifications, and it’s a refreshing way to cool off before your next stop.
  2. Lunch at a Traditional Maltese Restaurant (Birgu or Senglea) – Enjoy lunch at a waterfront restaurant in Birgu or Senglea, sampling Maltese specialties like fresh seafood or rabbit stew in a picturesque setting.
  3. Malta at War Museum (Birgu) – After lunch, head to the Malta at War Museum, where you’ll discover fascinating WWII artifacts. The underground air raid shelters offer a vivid perspective on what locals endured during the war.
  4. Wander Cospicua’s Narrow Streets (Bormla) – Next, take a leisurely walk through Cospicua’s charming streets, where you’ll see beautiful old buildings, churches, and squares that capture the authentic Maltese way of life.
Evening
  1. Gardjola Gardens (Senglea) – As the sun sets, visit the peaceful Gardjola Gardens in Senglea, where you’ll find one of the best viewpoints of Valletta and the Grand Harbour. The iconic watchtower here makes for an ideal spot to unwind and enjoy the views.
  2. Attend Mass at the Basilica of Our Lady of Victories (Senglea) – For a meaningful experience, visit Senglea’s Basilica for an evening mass, where you can observe locals in worship and appreciate the basilica’s history and architecture.
  3. Join a Ghost Tour in Vittoriosa (Birgu) – End the day with a ghost tour through Vittoriosa’s ancient streets. With its old buildings and centuries of history, Birgu is perfect for a spooky night tour filled with legends and eerie tales, adding an adventurous twist to your visit.
Other lesser known attractions, around the three cities

You can include these in that above tour according to your tastes

In the three cities:
Notre Dame Gate: One of the iconic entrance gates to Vittoriosa, steeped in history.
St Helen’s Gate: Another gate with architectural significance, leading into Cospicua.
Bormla Gardens: A peaceful public garden, ideal for relaxation and a break from sightseeing.
Cottonera Public Swimming Pool: An indoor pool facility, perfect for a refreshing swim.

Kalkara:
Kalkara Heritage trail: A scenic trail offering a glimpse into Kalkara’s rich heritage.

Zabbar:
Hompesch Gate: The largest gate in Malta, marking the entrance to Żabbar.
Żabbar Parish Church: An iconic church known for its intricate architecture and historical significance.
Il-Park ta’ San Klement: A nice park, adjacent to it there are some nice open air play areas for kids and teens

Marsascala:
Promenade: A lovely waterfront walkway with stunning views.
St Thomas Castle: A historic fort providing panoramic views of the surrounding area.
Salt pans: Traditional salt harvesting areas that showcase a unique aspect of local industry.

Books and Movies that feature the three cities

Five captivating novels that bring Malta’s Three Cities to life
  • “The Sword and the Scimitar” by David Ball : Set during the intense 1565 Great Siege of Malta, this novel dives into the dramatic stand of the Knights of St. John against the Ottomans. Birgu and Senglea become central battlegrounds where courage and betrayal intertwine, giving readers a pulse-pounding look at Malta’s fierce history.
  • “The Siege” by John Sutherland : This WWII thriller sets its sights on Malta under relentless attack from the Axis powers. Sutherland doesn’t hold back in depicting the dangers of life in places like Cospicua, with espionage and intrigue woven into the story as the island fights to survive the onslaught.
  • “The Religion” by Tim Willocks : Willocks’s novel plunges readers into the heart of the 1565 siege, where mercenary Mattias Tannhauser faces the brutal reality of war. The Three Cities, especially Birgu and Senglea, are more than just backdrops—they’re the heart of this gritty, vividly told tale of resilience and conflict.
  • “A War of Shadows” by W. Stanley Moss : Inspired by real WWII events, this spy thriller follows Allied missions across the Mediterranean, with the Three Cities as key locations. Senglea and Cospicua, scarred by bombings, become the tense setting for covert operations and daring escapes, all set against the locals’ incredible resilience.
  • “The Kappillan of Malta” by Nicholas Monsarrat : Monsarrat’s novel, though focused on the whole island, shines a light on the spirit of the Three Cities during WWII through the eyes of a compassionate priest. As bombs fall and people struggle, Birgu and Cospicua reveal the strength and solidarity of the Maltese people under fire.
Scenes set or filmed in Malta’s Three Cities
  • “Munich” (2005) : Directed by Steven Spielberg, Munich used Birgu’s winding streets and ancient stone buildings to stand in for various European locations in this thriller about the 1972 Munich Olympics aftermath. The historic architecture of the Three Cities added a layer of authenticity to the film’s tense atmosphere.
  • “Assassin’s Creed” (2016) : In this action-packed adaptation of the popular video game, scenes were filmed around Birgu and Senglea, transforming these medieval areas into 15th-century Spain. The dramatic fortifications and narrow alleys of the Three Cities gave the movie a truly historic feel.
  • “By the Sea” (2015) : Directed by Angelina Jolie and starring her and Brad Pitt, this drama used locations in Malta, including parts of the Three Cities, to create a picturesque Mediterranean backdrop. The area’s scenic coastlines and quiet charm were perfect for the film’s contemplative vibe.
  • “Gladiator” (2000) : While most of Gladiator was filmed at nearby Fort Ricasoli, close to the Three Cities, shots from areas like Cospicua and Senglea helped capture the ancient feel needed for the movie’s Roman setting.
  • “The Count of Monte Cristo” (2002) : This adaptation of Alexandre Dumas’s classic tale was partly shot in Vittoriosa (Birgu) and at Fort St. Angelo. The Three Cities’ historic fortresses and buildings provided a beautiful and believable setting for the story’s 19th-century world.

FAQ on the Three cities

Are the Three Cities in Malta Worth Visiting?

Definitely! The Three Cities—Vittoriosa (Birgu), Senglea (L-Isla), and Cospicua (Bormla)—offer a truly immersive journey into Malta’s rich history. Each city tells its own unique story of fortifications, maritime traditions, and resilience. Unlike the busier tourist areas, these cities have an authentic, timeless charm, inviting you to wander at your own pace. Iconic sights like Fort St. Angelo, the Inquisitor’s Palace, and scenic views over the Grand Harbour make them a must-visit for history buffs, architecture lovers, or anyone who enjoys Malta’s serene and historic vibe.

How Long Should You Spend Exploring Malta’s Three Cities?

For a real taste of the Three Cities, a full day is ideal to soak in the main sites and hidden gems. You’ll want to check out Fort St. Angelo, the Malta at War Museum, and St. Lawrence’s Church, and still have time to meander through charming streets, relax at the waterfront, or take a coffee break at a cozy local cafe. If you’re especially into history, consider an extra half-day to dive deeper into museum visits or take a slower stroll along the promenades.

Can You Walk Between Senglea, Vittoriosa, and Cospicua?

Absolutely, and it’s one of the best ways to enjoy the Three Cities! They’re closely connected, designed for easy exploration on foot. The waterfront promenades and narrow streets make for lovely, scenic walks that let you really take in the medieval architecture and harbor views. Moving between the cities is seamless—you’ll often find yourself in a new area without realizing it, thanks to their interwoven layouts.

What Are the Names of the Three Cities in Malta?

Malta’s Three Cities are known as Vittoriosa, Senglea, and Cospicua, though you’ll also hear their Maltese names: Birgu, L-Isla, and Bormla. Each name represents the area’s deep-rooted identity and historical significance. Together, they make up a key part of the Grand Harbour area, and for centuries, they’ve been central to Malta’s maritime and defense history.