Mental Models from Malta.

Mental Models from Malta.


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Why Human Thinking Matters More Than Ever

The paradox of our time: as machines get smarter, the quality of human thinking becomes more critical, not less.


The Crisis Hidden in Plain Sight

Sarah, a marketing director at a tech startup, stares at her screen. She has access to more market data than any executive in history—real-time analytics, AI-generated insights, predictive models, and automated reports. Yet she’s paralyzed. Not by lack of information, but by its overwhelming abundance.

Sound familiar?

We’re drowning in data while thirsting for wisdom. The very tools meant to enhance our thinking have created a new problem: information obesity. Like physical obesity, it’s not about having too little, but about consuming too much of the wrong kind without the right processing mechanisms.

The Great Thinking Recession

While we celebrate the rise of artificial intelligence, we’re witnessing something unprecedented: a decline in human thinking quality. Consider these symptoms:

🔍 Analysis Paralysis Epidemic

  • 73% of executives report feeling overwhelmed by data when making decisions
  • Average decision-making time has increased 40% since 2010
  • More information correlates with lower decision confidence

⚡ Attention Fragmentation

  • Average knowledge worker checks email every 6 minutes
  • Multitasking reduces productivity by up to 40%
  • Deep thinking sessions have decreased from 23 minutes to 11 minutes average

🎯 Direction Confusion

  • 67% of professionals report unclear priorities at work
  • Goal-switching frequency has tripled in the past decade
  • Strategic thinking time has been crowded out by tactical firefighting

Why Better Thinking Beats More Information

Here’s the uncomfortable truth: having more data doesn’t automatically lead to better decisions. In fact, research shows that beyond a certain threshold, additional information actually decreases decision quality.

Information Quality Decision Quality Thinking Time Confidence Level
Minimal Poor Low Low
Sufficient Good Moderate High
Excessive Poor High Low
Overwhelming Very Poor Very High Very Low

The sweet spot isn’t maximum information—it’s optimal information processed through superior thinking frameworks.

What Are Mental Models?

Mental models are thinking tools—structured approaches that help you process information, make decisions, and solve problems more effectively. Think of them as:

  • 🧭 Navigation systems for complex decisions
  • 🔧 Power tools for your mind
  • 🎯 Focusing mechanisms in an attention-scattered world
  • ⚖ Quality filters for information overwhelm

Unlike rigid rules or formulaic approaches, mental models are flexible frameworks that adapt to different situations while maintaining their core logic.

The Maltese Mental models: Edward de Bono’s a Maltese Revolutionary Contribution

In 1933, a boy was born in Malta who would revolutionize how the world thinks. Edward de Bono didn’t just study thinking—he invented new ways to do it. His work has been translated into 47 languages and is used by organizations from IBM to the United Nations.

De Bono’s insight was radical: thinking is a skill that can be learned, practiced, and improved—just like playing piano or driving a car. He developed systematic methods that anyone can use to think more clearly, creatively, and effectively.

The Core Principle: Direct Attention

Traditional education teaches us what to think about (subjects) but rarely how to think about them (process). De Bono’s methods fill this gap by providing direct attention thinking tools—specific techniques that guide your mental focus in productive directions.

The 15 Maltese Mental Models That Will Transform Your Thinking

This series introduces you to the most powerful thinking tools ever developed, organized in a logical learning progression:

Foundation Tools: Building Thinking Discipline

Tool Full Name Purpose Key Benefit
PMI Plus, Minus, Interesting Balanced evaluation Suspends reactive judgment
CAF Consider All Factors Comprehensive analysis Expands awareness
OPV Other People’s Views Perspective-taking Builds empathy and insight

Direction Tools: Clarifying Purpose

Tool Full Name Purpose Key Benefit
AGO Aims, Goals, Objectives Goal clarity Focuses effort
FIP First Important Priorities Priority setting Eliminates confusion
C&S Consequences & Sequels Future thinking Prevents problems

Expansion Tools: Generating Options

Tool Full Name Purpose Key Benefit
APC Alternatives, Possibilities, Choices Option generation Breaks tunnel vision
Lateral Thinking Pattern-breaking creativity Creative breakthrough Solves impossible problems
PO Provocative Operation Pattern breaking Enables innovation

Integration Tools: Orchestrating Thinking

Tool Full Name Purpose Key Benefit
Six Hats Six Thinking Hats Parallel thinking Eliminates argument
DATT Direct Attention Thinking Tools Complete framework Systematic excellence
Water Logic Flow-based thinking Systems thinking Handles complexity

Refinement Tools: Achieving Elegance

Tool Full Name Purpose Key Benefit
Simplicity The Ultimate Sophistication Elegant solutions Cuts through noise
Sur/petition Beyond Competition Value creation Transcends competition
L Game Strategic Minimalism Strategic minimalism Maximum impact

Your Thinking Transformation: What to Expect

Learning these mental models isn’t about following a rigid schedule—it’s about gradual skill development that compounds over time.

Foundation Phase: Building Thinking Discipline

Tools: PMI, CAF, OPV

  • Before: Reactive, one-sided analysis
  • After: Balanced, comprehensive perspective-taking
  • What Changes: You’ll catch yourself making snap judgments and automatically consider multiple angles

Direction Phase: Clarifying Purpose

Tools: AGO, FIP, C&S

  • Before: Unclear priorities, short-term focus
  • After: Crystal-clear objectives, future-aware planning
  • What Changes: Projects start with clear outcomes in mind, and you naturally think through consequences

Expansion Phase: Generating Options

Tools: APC, Lateral Thinking, PO

  • Before: Limited options, conventional solutions
  • After: Rich alternatives, breakthrough innovations
  • What Changes: “There’s only one way” becomes “What are all the ways?” and creative solutions emerge naturally

Integration Phase: Orchestrating Thinking

Tools: Six Hats, DATT, Water Logic

  • Before: Chaotic thinking, endless debates
  • After: Orchestrated analysis, productive discussions
  • What Changes: Meetings become focused, teams align faster, and complex problems feel manageable

Refinement Phase: Achieving Elegance

Tools: Simplicity, Sur/petition, L Game

  • Before: Complex, competitive thinking
  • After: Elegant, value-creating strategies
  • What Changes: You find simple solutions to complex problems and create value instead of just competing for it

The Practical Promise

By the end of this series, you will have acquired a complete thinking toolkit that enables you to:

  • Process information without overwhelm
  • Make decisions with confidence and speed
  • Solve problems that seem impossible
  • Generate ideas on demand
  • Communicate thinking clearly to others
  • Lead discussions productively
  • Plan strategically with clarity
  • Handle complexity without confusion

Why This Matters Now More Than Ever

As AI handles more routine cognitive tasks, the premium on high-quality human thinking increases. The humans who thrive in the AI age won’t be those who can process information faster than machines—they’ll be those who can:

  • Ask better questions than AI can generate
  • Make nuanced judgments in ambiguous situations
  • Create novel solutions to unprecedented problems
  • Navigate complex human dynamics with wisdom
  • Think strategically across multiple time horizons

Your Thinking Journey Starts Here

Every master was once a beginner. Every expert was once a novice. The difference isn’t talent—it’s the willingness to learn systematic approaches and practice them consistently.

Edward de Bono proved that thinking can be taught. This series will teach it to you.


Next Up: Edward de Bono: The Man Who Taught the World to Think – Discover how a boy from Malta revolutionized global thinking and why his methods matter more than ever.

Ready to Start Practicing? Try this simple exercise: For the next three decisions you face today—no matter how small—pause and ask yourself: “What am I not considering?” Notice how this single question changes your thinking quality.

The journey to better thinking begins with a single step. Take it now.


Quick Reference: Acronym Explanations

PMI = Plus, Minus, Interesting – A systematic way to evaluate any idea or situation by deliberately looking at the positive aspects, negative aspects, and interesting points that are neither clearly positive nor negative.

CAF = Consider All Factors – A comprehensive checklist approach to ensure you’ve identified all the important elements that could affect a decision or situation.

OPV = Other People’s Views – A structured method for stepping into other people’s shoes to understand how they might see a situation differently than you do.

AGO = Aims, Goals, Objectives – A framework for distinguishing between your broad direction (aims), specific targets (goals), and measurable outcomes (objectives).

FIP = First Important Priorities – A method for identifying what truly matters most when everything seems urgent or important.

C&S = Consequences & Sequels – A systematic approach to thinking through the short-term, medium-term, and long-term results of decisions and actions.

APC = Alternatives, Possibilities, Choices – A three-stage process for expanding your options: generating alternatives, exploring possibilities, then narrowing down to practical choices.

PO = Provocative Operation – A lateral thinking tool that uses deliberate provocations to break out of established thinking patterns and generate new ideas.

DATT = Direct Attention Thinking Tools – The complete framework that encompasses all of de Bono’s thinking methods as a systematic approach to directing your mental attention.